Defossilisation: One System Concept, Multiple Solutions

Defossilisation: One System Concept, Multiple Solutions For decades, climate change has been approached as a series of separate challenges: • Decarbonise power • Green steel and industry • Electrify transport • Build hydrogen infrastructure • Improve energy efficiency in buildings Each pathway is valid — but also adds complexity, cost, and fragmentation. What if the problem is not the lack of solutions, but the way we frame it? The Real Issue: Carbon Flow Today’s system is linear: Fossil carbon → Energy → CO₂ → Atmosphere This single flaw drives emissions, volatility, and dependency. The Solution: Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) CRT creates a closed-loop system: • Capture CO₂ • Combine with renewable hydrogen • Convert back into fuel • Reuse continuously Carbon becomes a recyclable carrier. Where CRT Applies • Power Generation – 24/7 zero-emission energy • Steel & Industry – Stable high-temperature processes • Transport – Net-zero fuels for aviation and shipping • Buildings – Reliable heating via existing infrastructure • Logistics – Decarbonised fuel systems Why This Matters • Climate: No net CO₂ emissions • Energy Security: Local fuel production • Infrastructure: Uses existing assets • Economics: Reduced volatility • Reliability: Continuous operation Final Thought The transition is not about changing the fuel. It is about closing the loop that fossil systems left open.

“Extending CRT to coal via plasma-assisted hydrogasification has the potential to transform coal-dependent systems—from open-loop emissions to closed-loop carbon operation—while preserving industrial continuity.”

Seawater-to-Battery Sodium Platform

CAPZ (Controlled Advanced Purification Zone) converts seawater into battery-grade sodium feedstock. The process integrates nanofiltration, electrodialysis, ion exchange polishing, and evaporation/crystallisation to produce high-purity NaCl suitable for sodium-ion battery systems using Prussian Blue cathodes.

Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT): From Isolated Solutions to System Thinking

Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT): From Isolated Solutions to System Thinking By Ahilan Raman Managing Director Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT) A Reflection from the Field After studying a wide range of energy transition pathways — renewables, hydrogen, storage, and carbon capture — one insight has become increasingly clear: This is not a technology problem. It is a system problem. Individually, many of these solutions are impressive. Collectively, they struggle to deliver what modern economies actually require: continuous power, industrial-scale heat, meaningful storage, and economic viability. Where Current Approaches Fall Short As deployment scales, structural constraints become evident: intermittency, storage limitations, hydrogen challenges, and fragmented system design. Each solution addresses part of the problem, but the overall system remains incomplete. A Shift in Perspective Instead of replacing the existing system, the question becomes: what if we redesign it? Fossil-based systems historically delivered reliability, energy density, and continuous operation. The flaw was the one-way carbon flow leading to emissions. Introducing Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) CRT is built on a simple idea: recycle carbon instead of emitting it. Renewable electricity produces hydrogen, which combines with captured CO₂ to form renewable natural gas. This fuel generates energy, and CO₂ is captured again, forming a closed loop. Why CRT Stands Out CRT is not an isolated solution but an integrated system architecture. It enables dispatchable renewable power, continuous industrial heat, high energy density storage, and minimal fossil dependency. Not a Claim — An Invitation This is not a claim that CRT is the only solution. But solutions addressing the full system deserve deeper attention. The transition depends on integration, not isolation. A Shared Journey Forward For any solution to scale, it must be technically sound, economically viable, and broadly understood. Perspectives from all audiences are essential. Closing Thought The transition is not about choosing between hydrogen or hydrocarbons, but about designing systems that work in reality. CRT is one such approach — not a final answer, but a meaningful step forward. CEWT | Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd Advancing system-level solutions for a defossilised future

From Carbon Pricing to Carbon System Design

CEWT POLICY NOTE From Carbon Pricing to Carbon System Design Rethinking how we address emissions at scale Executive Summary Carbon tax, credits, and penalties create important financial signals, but they operate after emissions occur. Structural decarbonisation requires a shift toward system-level design where carbon is circulated rather than emitted. 1. The Current Framework • Carbon Tax – Direct pricing of emissions • Carbon Credits – Offset-based mechanisms • Regulation – Compliance-driven limits All address emissions after they are created. 2. Structural Limitation Modern systems follow a linear carbon model: Extract ® Use ® Emit Pricing mechanisms attempt external correction rather than internal redesign, leading to incremental rather than structural change. 3. Why This Matters Industrial systems require 24/7 reliability, energy density, and continuity—constraints that pricing alone cannot solve. 4. The Shift Required From Carbon Management ® Carbon System Architecture Design systems where carbon is reused, not emitted. 5. Policy Direction Short Term: Pricing + regulation Medium Term: Infrastructure investment Long Term: Closed-loop carbon systems Strategic Insight Carbon pricing treats emissions as a cost. System design treats emissions as a flaw. Conclusion The transition accelerates when we move from penalising emissions to redesigning the system itself. Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT) Advancing system-level solutions for a defossilised future.