Hydrogen combustion limitations and CRT

TECHNICAL NOTE — Hydrogen Combustion Limitations and CRT Global Significance Clean Energy and Water Technologies (CEWT) 1) Hydrogen Combustion Limitations Hydrogen is often regarded as the ultimate clean fuel, but it poses significant challenges for continuous, large-scale power generation. Because hydrogen has a very low volumetric energy density, turbines sized for pure H₂ require larger footprints and specialised components. Even leading OEMs (e.g., GE and Siemens) continue to refine burner designs (diffusion/lean systems) to ensure stable flame propagation and avoid flashback under high-H₂ operation. The cost of renewable hydrogen is inherently tied to the intermittency of renewable electricity and the need for large-scale storage. Gas turbines, however, are designed for 24×7 operation, creating a mismatch between hydrogen availability and grid reliability. Additionally, hydrogen combustion emits water vapour (H₂O), which is a potent greenhouse gas at altitude; atmospheric research (e.g., NASA studies) highlights that increased highaltitude H₂O can amplify warming effects. 2) The CRT Advantage Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) integrates captured CO₂ with renewable hydrogen to produce Renewable Methane (RNG) via methanation. RNG enables stable turbine combustion, continuous baseload output, and a closed carbon loop with zero fossil input (except start-up). By converting variable renewable inputs into a storable, grid-compatible fuel, CRT delivers firm, dispatchable, zero-emission power while recycling carbon instead of storing it. 3) Practical Limitation of Hydrogen Pathways and Global Planning Theoretical feasibility does not guarantee practical viability. Even if OEMs deploy 100% hydrogen turbines, the true cost of renewable hydrogen plus storage will depend on global deployment density and the break-even capacity achieved across many installations. Because renewable hydrogen production is intermittent, the levelised cost of continuous 24×7 hydrogen supply will remain uncertain for years. Without a clear, stable hydrogen cost base, countries cannot reliably plan or commit to specific CO₂-reduction percentages by 2035/2040/2050 through hydrogen pathways alone. This is precisely where CRT becomes indispensable. By converting CO₂ and renewable H₂ into RNG, CRT creates a stable, dispatchable, and circular energy cycle. It offers a realistic, measurable pathway for nations to achieve net zero — not through promises, but through engineering. Perpetual Carbon Loop — Powering the Clean Energy Future.

Policy and Capital Alignment Narrative- CEWT/Carbon recycling Technology

Policy and Capital Alignment Narrative – CEWT / Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Australia’s energy transition has entered a new phase in which delivery, not aspiration, is the defining test. Policymakers increasingly recognise that achieving net-zero objectives at scale cannot be realised through public funding or policy instruments alone, but requires the systematic mobilisation of private capital into bankable, confidence-preserving infrastructure. This shift is reflected in contemporary sustainable-finance thinking, where private capital is now explicitly integrated into policy frameworks as a critical enabler of transition delivery, alongside the need for partnership models that maintain market confidence and international competitiveness . In this context, governments are no longer seeking isolated technology pilots or intermittent solutions, but commercially investable systems capable of underpinning long-term industrial, electricity, and export competitiveness. Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT)’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is directly aligned with this policy evolution. CRT is designed as infrastructure-grade, zero-emission energy capacity, not as an offset mechanism, voluntary abatement project, or subsidy-dependent concept. By combining proven combined-cycle power generation, carbon capture, and closed-loop carbon conversion using renewable hydrogen, CRT delivers dispatchable, baseload electricity and renewable fuels while progressively eliminating fossil-carbon dependency from the system. Critically, CRT is structured to meet the requirements of private capital participation: • Long-life assets using established industrial equipment • Predictable revenue streams from firm power and fuel substitution • Clear system boundaries that enable credible carbon accounting • Compatibility with blended finance models involving concessional public capital and commercial debt and equity In this way, CRT does not rely on policy support to substitute for market discipline; rather, it operationalises policy intent by translating climate objectives into bankable infrastructure capable of attracting institutional capital at scale. Public funding, where applied, acts as a catalyst for risk reduction, not as the primary driver of project viability. Accordingly, CEWT’s CRT projects represent the class of transition investments now explicitly recognised by policymakers as essential: projects that preserve energy security, maintain competitiveness, and enable private capital to participate confidently in the delivery of net-zero outcomes.

Carbon Credit

CEWT Policy Note CRT-Specific Article 6 Authorisation Roadmap Purpose This policy note sets out a Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)–specific roadmap for engagement under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, aligned with the Article 6.4 Guidance (2025). The roadmap is designed to support host-country decision making, protect Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) ambition, and enable progressive monetisation of high-integrity mitigation outcomes. Core Principle CRT is positioned as conditional-NDC infrastructure delivering baseload zero-emission energy through closed-loop carbon recycling. It is introduced through a staged authorisation pathway that prioritises national integrity, learning, and system confidence before international transfer. Phase 0 – National Positioning CRT is framed as a structural decarbonisation system rather than an offset activity. It supports conditional NDC achievement, long-term net-zero strategies, and energy security, without drawing on unconditional NDC targets. Phase 1 – Article 6.4 Activity Approval The host country approves CRT as an Article 6.4 activity under the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism. At this stage, no international transfer occurs and no corresponding adjustments apply. Phase 2 – Mitigation Contribution Units (MCUs) CRT-generated mitigation outcomes are issued as MCUs for domestic use, voluntary cancellation, or results-based climate finance. This phase enables early value creation while remaining NDC-neutral. Phase 3 – Partial Authorisation of A6.4ERs Following verified performance and demonstrated fossil fuel displacement, the host country may authorise a limited volume of A6.4ERs for specific international purposes. Corresponding adjustments apply only to the authorised share. Phase 4 – Full A6.4ER Authorisation CRT is recognised as conditional-NDC infrastructure, enabling full authorisation of A6.4ERs for international transfer as ITMOs, supporting buyer NDCs and compliance mechanisms such as CORSIA. Phase 5 – Policy and Sectoral Scaling CRT becomes eligible for inclusion in positive lists, sectoral or policy crediting approaches, supporting national-scale baseload decarbonisation. Conclusion This staged roadmap aligns with Article 6.4 best practice by avoiding overselling, safeguarding environmental integrity, and enabling host countries to progressively unlock international value from transformative infrastructure.

Investor fit Statement

Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT) ABN 61 691 320 028 | ACN 691 320 028 www.clean-energy-water-tech.com Investor Fit Statement Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Infrastructure-grade capital for infrastructure-grade decarbonisation Purpose Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is a first-of-a-kind, infrastructure-scale energy system designed to deliver continuous, zero-emission power by recycling carbon molecules using renewable inputs. CRT is not a startup product; it is a regulated energy asset. What CRT Is CRT integrates power generation, fuel synthesis, and carbon recycling into a single closed-loop system. Hydrogen functions as a chemical reductant, carbon functions as a recyclable carrier, and Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG) is the fuel. The system is governed by thermodynamics, mass balance, and industrial safety standards. Capital Characteristics CRT requires large, staged capital deployment, long-duration asset ownership, government and quasi-government co-funding, and rigorous technical, environmental, and regulatory diligence. CRT is therefore suited to infrastructure equity and strategic industrial capital, not venture-style fundraising. Who CRT Is For CRT is suitable for investors who have experience in regulated energy or fuel infrastructure, are comfortable with construction and operational risk, value capital preservation alongside decarbonisation outcomes, and understand that deep decarbonisation requires molecules as well as electrons. Who CRT Is Not For CRT is not suitable for short-horizon venture capital, hype-driven or crowd-based fundraising, or investors seeking rapid exits or narrative-led valuation. Funding Philosophy CRT follows a disciplined funding sequence: public and institutional validation, strategic infrastructure equity, and finally project finance dominance. This approach prioritises system integrity, investor protection, and long-term value creation. Hydrogen reduces. Carbon carries. Methane fuels. © Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT)

Water-the ultimate fuel.

Water: The Ultimate Fuel In the current energy transition, debates often revolve around electrons versus molecules, hydrogen versus hydrocarbons, or renewables versus fossil fuels. These framings miss a deeper, system-level truth: the ultimate enabler of clean energy systems is neither hydrogen nor carbon, but water. Hydrogen is not a primary fuel. It is an energy carrier derived almost entirely from water. Electrolysis does not create energy; it reorganises water using external energy inputs. The true source material is water itself. Carbon, likewise, is not the enemy. It is a carrier — a stable, information-rich atom that enables energy storage, transport, and dispatchability at scale. When carbon is recycled rather than extracted, it becomes a system asset rather than a liability. Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG) emerges as the practical renewable fuel because it unites these roles: hydrogen supplies the energy, carbon supplies the structure, and water closes the loop. Combustion returns the system back to water and carbon dioxide, ready for reuse. Seen through this lens, decarbonisation is not about eliminating carbon, but about using water and renewable energy to clean up a misplaced carbon cycle. Water becomes both the beginning and the end — the origin of hydrogen and the final resting state after energy delivery. Water is the true fuel. Hydrogen carries the energy. Carbon carries the structure. RSMG makes the system work. This is not an invention against nature, but a correction back to it — restoring balance by allowing water to do what it has always done: enable life, energy flow, and renewal.