CEWT's process to produce caustic soda/ Soda ash and derivatives directly from the seawater

CEWT Seawater-to-Chemicals Technology The global chlor-alkali industry depends heavily on high-purity crystalline salt produced from solar evaporation ponds. Modern caustic soda plants, with capacities ranging from several hundred to several thousand tonnes per day, require vast quantities of salt as feedstock for the production of caustic soda, chlorine, and hydrogen. However, increasing climate variability, erratic monsoon patterns, extreme rainfall events, and changing weather conditions are creating growing uncertainty in salt production regions. These disruptions can affect both salt availability and pricing, leading to higher production costs and supply-chain risks for chlor-alkali manufacturers. The impact extends far beyond the chemical sector. Industries dependent on caustic soda, chlorine, and related products—including aluminium refining, mineral processing, pulp and paper, detergents, glass manufacturing, water treatment, and numerous downstream chemical industries—are increasingly exposed to feedstock price volatility and supply uncertainty. CEWT’s proprietary seawater-processing technology offers an alternative pathway. Using a combination of Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), Electrodialysis (ED), and proprietary process integration, CEWT can directly produce valuable industrial chemicals from seawater, including: • Caustic Soda (NaOH) • Chlorine (Cl₂) • Hydrogen (H₂) • Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃) • Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) By reducing dependence on solar-evaporated salt production, the technology has the potential to provide a more stable and climate-resilient supply of critical industrial chemicals while leveraging one of the world’s most abundant natural resources: seawater. The approach offers potential benefits in: • Supply-chain resilience • Reduced dependence on salt harvesting • Improved feedstock security • Climate-change adaptation • Strategic industrial self-sufficiency • Integration with desalination and water-treatment infrastructure As global demand for industrial chemicals continues to grow, technologies that decouple production from increasingly vulnerable raw-material supply chains may become an important component of future industrial sustainability and resource security strategies. This framing is likely to resonate with chemical companies, aluminium refiners, investors, and government agencies because it focuses on resource security and climate resilience, which are becoming major strategic concerns.

Why CO2 level in the atmosphere keep increasing year by year ?

Why CO2 level in the atmosphere keep increasing year by year despite hundreds of billions being invested in renewable energy, hydrogen, and carbon removal? Because the world is still adding fossil carbon to the atmosphere faster than it is removing or avoiding it. The atmosphere responds to the net carbon balance, not to how much money is spent on climate solutions. A few key reasons: 1. Fossil fuel consumption is still enormous Despite massive growth in renewables, the world continues to consume vast quantities of: • coal, • oil, • natural gas. Renewables have often added to the total energy supply rather than fully replacing fossil fuels. Global energy demand keeps growing due to: • population growth, • economic development, • data centres, • electrification, • industrialisation. 2. Decarbonisation is not the same as defossilisation Many climate strategies focus on: • reducing emissions intensity, • improving efficiency, • increasing renewable generation. But the underlying flow of fossil carbon from geological storage into the active environment continues. From your perspective, this is the central issue: Climate change is fundamentally driven by transferring fossil carbon from underground into the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere. Unless that transfer is progressively eliminated, atmospheric CO₂ will continue to rise. 3. Embedded carbon is often ignored Large-scale deployment of: • solar panels, • wind turbines, • batteries, • electrolysers, • transmission infrastructure, requires: • mining, • refining, • manufacturing, • transportation. These activities consume energy and generate emissions. Although renewables generally reduce lifecycle emissions compared with fossil fuels, the embedded carbon is not zero. 4. Carbon removal remains tiny compared with emissions Humanity emits roughly tens of billions of tonnes of CO₂ per year, while engineered carbon removal removes only a tiny fraction of that. The scale mismatch is enormous. Removing millions of tonnes sounds impressive. But if emissions remain in the tens of billions of tonnes, atmospheric CO₂ continues to rise. 5. Natural sinks are under stress The oceans and forests absorb a large share of human emissions. However: • oceans are acidifying, • forests face fires and land-use change, • ecosystems are under pressure. Nature is still helping us, but not enough to offset continued fossil carbon additions. The deeper systems view You often describe this as a problem of Nature’s equilibrium. In simple terms: • For millions of years, carbon cycled within a relatively balanced system. • Humans began transferring large quantities of fossil carbon from geological storage into the active carbon cycle. • The atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere are trying to absorb this excess carbon. • CO₂ concentrations rise because the inflow exceeds the outflow. From that perspective, the critical metric is not: “How much renewable energy have we built?” but: “How much fossil carbon are we still extracting and transferring into the active environment each year?” Until that number approaches zero—or the carbon is continuously captured and recycled—the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere will tend to keep increasing, regardless of how much is invested in renewable energy, hydrogen, or carbon removal.

CRT is a defossilisation architecture rather than a standalone technology.

CEWT Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is a system architecture designed to deliver industrial defossilisation through the integration of renewable hydrogen, carbon recycling, power generation, and fuel production. CRT is founded on five key principles: 1. Circular Carbon Economy o CO₂ is treated as a recyclable process material rather than a waste stream. 2. Renewable Hydrogen Integration o Renewable hydrogen provides the energy input that drives the carbon recycling cycle. 3. Renewable Energy Utilisation o Renewable electricity is converted into storable and dispatchable energy forms. 4. Firm Baseload Power o CRT integrates renewable and conventional energy infrastructure to provide reliable, dispatchable power. 5. System-Level Defossilisation o The objective is not merely emissions reduction but the progressive replacement of fossil-carbon dependence across industrial systems. Intended Outcomes • Near-zero or zero-emission energy pathways (depending on system boundaries and capture efficiency). • Productive utilisation and recycling of CO₂. • Renewable hydrogen deployment at industrial scale. • Firm and dispatchable power generation. • Renewable gas production compatible with existing energy infrastructure. • Improved energy security and resilience. • Support for industrial decarbonisation and circular economy objectives. • A practical pathway toward economy-wide defossilisation. Why CRT Matters CRT is not simply a hydrogen project, a carbon-capture project, or a renewable-energy project. It is an integrated energy-system architecture that combines these elements into a single framework designed to deliver: • Energy security, • Industrial competitiveness, • Emissions reduction, • Circular carbon utilisation, • Renewable energy integration, • And long-term economic resilience. CRT is a defossilisation architecture rather than a standalone technology.

CEWT TriGen Pilot – Key Differentiator Summary

Most distributed power solutions for data centres focus primarily on low-emission power generation. CEWT TriGen extends this concept by integrating power generation, cooling, thermal recovery, renewable hydrogen, CO₂ capture, and renewable gas (RNG) production into a single system architecture. Key Differentiators of CEWT TriGen: • Power Generation – Provides reliable dispatchable power for data-centre applications. • Cooling Integration – Utilises recovered thermal energy to support absorption cooling systems. • Waste Heat Recovery – Improves overall system efficiency through thermal integration. • Renewable Hydrogen Integration – Incorporates renewable hydrogen as part of the carbon recycling process. • CO₂ Capture – Recovers CO₂ generated during power production. • CO₂ Utilisation – Uses captured CO₂ as a feedstock rather than treating it as waste. • Renewable Gas (RNG) Production – Converts captured CO₂ and renewable hydrogen into renewable gas. • Closed Carbon Loop – Creates a pathway toward circular carbon utilisation rather than one-way emissions. Strategic Positioning: Most data-centre energy solutions stop at power generation. CEWT TriGen extends the value chain by recovering thermal energy for cooling and recycling captured CO₂ into renewable gas, creating a pathway toward a circular carbon energy system. For data-centre operators, this architecture addresses several emerging challenges: • Reliable 24/7 power availability • Growing cooling demand • Fuel security and resilience • Carbon footprint reduction • ESG and sustainability objectives • Future carbon-management requirements The primary differentiator is not the engine itself but the integrated system architecture. CEWT TriGen combines power generation, cooling, CO₂ recovery, renewable hydrogen, and renewable gas production into a single platform, consistent with CEWT’s broader Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) vision of defossilisation through system-level integration.

CRT Reflection on GE Vernova Aero-Derivative Decarbonisation Strategy

CRT Reflection on GE Vernova Aero-Derivative Decarbonisation Strategy An important strategic observation from GE Vernova’s recent paper, “Navigating the Journey to Decarbonization and Grid Stability,” is that the global energy transition is increasingly moving toward integrated system architectures rather than isolated technologies. The paper strongly emphasizes: • Grid stability and synchronous inertia, • Fast-response aero-derivative gas turbines, • Hybrid renewable systems, • Hydrogen integration, • Long-duration energy balancing, • Data-center and industrial power reliability, • And modular decarbonisation infrastructure. What is particularly interesting is that GE Vernova appears to view aero-derivative gas turbines such as the LM2500XPRESS and LM6000 as the backbone of future grid-firming and hybrid energy systems. The paper repeatedly highlights a growing concern: High penetration of inverter-based renewable systems may create grid fragility, RoCoF instability, and blackout risks without sufficient synchronous support. This is a very important systems-level observation. The future may not simply depend on adding more renewable generation capacity alone, but on how intelligently: • generation, • storage, • grid inertia, • fuels, • thermal systems, • and industrial energy infrastructure are integrated together. For CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT), this is a significant strategic insight. CRT does not fundamentally depend on the type or size of power generator. Instead, CRT can operate as a modular decarbonisation architecture layered around different energy systems including: • aero-derivative turbines, • gas engines, • industrial plants, • microgrids, • data centers, • and future hybrid industrial hubs. This creates the possibility of a new pathway: Modular Decarbonisation Hubs A future integrated CRT platform could potentially combine: • LM2500XPRESS aero turbines, • renewable energy, • electrolysers, • hydrogen balancing, • CO₂ capture, • methanation, • RNG recycling, • thermal integration, • trigeneration, • desalination, • and industrial process heat. The deeper lesson may be this: The future of decarbonisation may not belong to standalone technologies, but to integrated energy architectures capable of simultaneously delivering: • reliability, • affordability, • flexibility, • resilience, • and carbon circularity. In that sense, the transition is increasingly evolving from: “technology substitution” toward: “system redesign.”