Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Japanese Industry Technical Brief

Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Japanese Industry Technical Brief Firm renewable power, carbon-atom recycling and industrial integration CRT converts intermittent renewable electricity into firm, dispatchable power by using renewable hydrogen as the recurring energy-bearing input and maintaining carbon atoms as a circulating elemental inventory. Executive proposition CEWT's Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is a process architecture intended to decouple the timing of renewable-energy production from the timing of industrial power demand. Renewable electricity produces hydrogen; captured carbon is recycled into Recycled Synthetic Natural Gas (RSNG); RSNG provides a storable fuel for firm generation; and the resulting CO2 is captured and returned to the cycle. The central concept is not continuous fossil-fuel consumption. In steady-state CRT, the carbon atoms are treated as a circulating process inventory. Renewable electricity is the recurring external energy source, introduced through hydrogen. Why this may be relevant to Japanese industry • Japan's GX policy combines decarbonisation, stable energy supply and industrial competitiveness. • Japan's energy policy explicitly supports low-carbon hydrogen and derivatives including e-methane, together with CCUS. • Existing gas, thermal and industrial infrastructure can potentially be retained while the source of recurring energy progressively shifts toward renewable electricity. • CRT is intended for applications where firm power, thermal integration and long-duration molecular storage have value beyond direct electrification alone. CEWT development applications 100 MW CRT Baseload 20 MW CRT Trigeneration 0.2 MTPA Green Iron Firm renewable power Power + useful thermal services Integrated power + reducing-gas platform Status note: This brief presents the governing process concept and engineering framework. Final performance claims require closure of vendor data, detailed heat integration, auxiliary loads, carbon losses/makeup and project-specific operating cases.   1. Governing Definition of CRT Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is a process technology designed to convert intermittent renewable energy into firm, dispatchable power through a closed carbon-recycling fuel cycle. A hydrocarbon fuel may be used initially to establish the circulating carbon inventory. During operation, CO2 from power generation is captured rather than routinely discharged. Renewable electricity is used to produce hydrogen, which is then combined with captured carbon - directly or through an integrated synthesis route - to regenerate RSNG for reuse in the power cycle. INTERMITTENT RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY ↓ Electrolysis RENEWABLE H2 + CAPTURED CARBON ↓ Fuel regeneration / RSNG synthesis RSNG → FIRM POWER → CO2 CAPTURE → CARBON RETURN Steady-state objectives • Convert variable renewable electricity into a storable chemical-energy form and recover it when firm power is required. • Avoid continuous fresh fossil-carbon consumption by retaining and recycling the carbon-atom inventory, subject to measurable losses and makeup. • Prevent routine process CO2 discharge by capturing carbon after power generation and returning it to the fuel-production cycle. • Recover useful heat and integrate oxygen, steam, water, compression and separation duties at the total-system level. What CRT is - and is not CRT is best described as a renewable-energy firming and carbon-recycling architecture. It is not simply conventional fossil generation with downstream CO2 capture, and it is not equivalent to geological CCS. Captured carbon is intended to remain useful process inventory. Technical wording: Until a complete lifecycle boundary is demonstrated, CEWT should use the claims 'no continuous fresh fossil-carbon requirement at steady state' and 'no routine process CO2 emissions', rather than an unqualified zero-emissions claim.   2. The C/H Two-Ledger Concept CRT can be understood most clearly by tracking two atomic ledgers. The molecules change, but the carbon and hydrogen atoms remain accountable throughout the process. Ledger Simplified atomic path Engineering interpretation Carbon (C) CH4 → CO2 → CH4 → ... Circulating elemental inventory. Fresh carbon is required only to replace losses or purge. Hydrogen (H) H2O → H2 → fuel → H2O Renewable electricity re-energises the hydrogen cycle through electrolysis. Representative reactions Electrolysis: 2 H2O + renewable electricity → 2 H2 + O2 Methanation: CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2O + recoverable heat Combustion: CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + heat Energy-equivalent material accounting The two atomic ledgers provide material accountability. Energy accountability is added by assigning an engineering energy equivalent to each energy-bearing stream. For example: H2 energy rate = H2 mass flow × H2 LHV RSNG energy rate = RSNG mass flow × mixture LHV Electrical input/output = MW_e Recovered process heat = MW_th This is conventional chemical-engineering thermodynamics, not relativistic mass-energy conversion. The purpose is to show simultaneously where the atoms go and where the useful chemical, thermal and electrical energy goes. Core CRT insight: carbon atoms circulate; renewable electricity repeatedly raises the chemical energy of the hydrogen cycle; regenerated fuel then provides storage and dispatchability.   3. Simplified Process Flow Diagram (PFD) The diagram below is deliberately simplified. Detailed project PFDs will add compressors, heat exchangers, water treatment, ASU/oxygen integration, CO2 purification, recycle controls, storage and project-specific equipment. INTERMITTENT RENEWABLE POWER ↓ WATER → ELECTROLYSER → O2 / process integration ↓ Renewable H2 Captured CO2 → FUEL REGENERATION / METHANATION → Recoverable heat ↓ RSNG RSNG STORAGE / BUFFER ↓ Dispatch on demand O2 / oxidant → POWER / TRIGEN / INDUSTRIAL USE → Firm electricity + useful heat ↓ CO2-containing exhaust / process gas CO2 CAPTURE & CONDITIONING ↺ RETURN TO FUEL REGENERATION PFD interpretation • Renewable electricity is the recurring external energy input. • Electrolysis converts part of that electrical input into the chemical energy of hydrogen. • Captured carbon atoms are returned to fuel regeneration instead of being treated as a routine waste stream. • RSNG acts as the dispatchable chemical-energy storage medium between renewable production and firm power demand. • Methanation heat, oxygen and other co-streams must be integrated rather than ignored; their value depends on the specific project. • Carbon losses, purge requirements and startup fuel must be explicitly measured in the final carbon ledger.   4. CEWT Integrated Application Architecture CEWT is developing the CRT principle across three applications that should ultimately be evaluated as one integrated energy-and-material architecture rather than as isolated equipment blocks. Application Primary product CRT role Key balance to close 100 MW Baseload Firm electricity Renewable-energy firming through recycled fuel cycle Net output after ASU/CPU/compression and other auxiliaries 20 MW Trigen Electricity + useful thermal services Distributed firm energy and heat/cooling integration Net electrical output plus separately valued thermal services 0.2 MTPA Green Iron DRI / Green Iron H2/CO reducing-gas integration, recycle and heat recovery H2 demand, top-gas composition, recycle compression, CO2 removal and heating duty Current integrated screening basis 234 MW renewable import → 100 MW baseload + 20 MW Trigen + 0.2 MTPA Green Iron On the current portfolio arithmetic, subtracting 100 MW and 20 MW of net electrical products from 234 MW leaves 114 MW associated with the Green Iron production at the overall system level. At 200,000 t/y and 8,760 h/y, 114 MW corresponds to approximately 5.0 MWh/t. Important boundary condition: The 114 MW figure is an integrated allocation, not yet a verified standalone DRI electricity consumption. The master balance must prove that the 100 MW and 20 MW are net outputs and must include electrolysis, ASU/oxygen, CO2 conditioning, compression, pumps, recycle gas, heating, water systems and other auxiliaries. Proposed master-model structure • Ledger A - Carbon atoms: inventory, species distribution, capture, recycle, purge, losses and makeup. • Ledger B - Hydrogen atoms: water feed, H2 generation, fuel/reducing-gas incorporation, water formation and recycle. • Energy equivalent - MW_e, MW_chemical and MW_th attached to all significant energy-bearing states. • Products - firm electricity, useful thermal energy and tonnes of Green Iron on a common operating basis.   5. Japanese Industry Evaluation Framework For Japanese industrial evaluation, CRT should be tested against incumbent and alternative routes on an equivalent system boundary. The first technical meeting should therefore focus on measurable integration questions rather than broad decarbonisation claims. Evaluation question CRT data required What is the carbon closure? CO2 capture %, carbon inventory, purge/losses, fresh-carbon makeup. What renewable power is required? Electrolyser MW, auxiliaries, capacity factor, storage strategy. What is the firm-power performance? Net MW, availability, startup/ramp profile, storage duration. What is the heat-integration value? Methanation heat, steam levels, useful heat/cooling recovery. Can existing infrastructure be retained? Fuel specifications, pressure/temperature interfaces, materials compatibility. How does CRT compare with alternatives? Equivalent-boundary comparison with direct electrification, BESS, H2 and conventional e-methane routes. What is required for deployment? Safety case, codes/standards, certification, emissions monitoring and demonstration plan. Relevance to Japan's GX direction Japan's GX2040 direction seeks the simultaneous achievement of decarbonisation, stable energy supply and economic growth. METI also identifies hydrogen and derivatives including e-methane, together with CCUS, among technologies for social implementation. Japan's strategic-area policy includes industrial complexes, data-centre clusters and locations using decarbonised power - all potentially relevant contexts for evaluating firm-energy integration. Recommended next technical package Before a formal Japanese industry approach, CEWT should complete a project-specific master mass/energy model and issue a controlled technical data pack containing: design basis; C/H ledgers; detailed PFD; heat and utility balance; net-power reconciliation; carbon closure; storage assumptions; safety basis; and an apples-to-apples comparison with the incumbent route. Selected public policy references • METI, GX / GX2040 Vision and growth-oriented carbon pricing framework (2025-2026). • METI, Emissions Trading System: full-scale operation from FY2026 for covered direct emitters. • Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, synthetic methane / e-methane policy and procurement framework. • METI, GX Strategic Area framework, including industrial-complex, data-centre and decarbonised-power categories. CEWT working principle: Track the carbon atom. Track the hydrogen atom. Attach an energy equivalent to each relevant chemical state. The resulting balance should show, quantitatively, how intermittent renewable energy is transformed into firm power and industrial products.

CEWT Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Two Atomic Ledgers and Energy-Equivalent Accounting

CEWT Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Two Atomic Ledgers and Energy-Equivalent Accounting 1. Fundamental CRT Principle CEWT's three CRT applications - 100 MW baseload power, 20 MW trigeneration, and 0.2 MTPA Green Iron - can be described using one common physical framework. The framework separates atomic accountability from energy accountability. CRT maintains carbon atoms as a circulating elemental inventory, while renewable electricity repeatedly supplies energy through the hydrogen cycle. 2. The Two Atomic Ledgers Ledger Atomic Cycle Role in CRT Carbon CH4 -> CO2 -> CH4 -> CO2 ... Carbon atoms circulate through changing molecular forms. In steady state, fresh carbon is required only to replace measurable losses. Hydrogen H2O -> H2 -> fuel/process molecules -> H2O Renewable electricity raises hydrogen from the water state into an energy-rich H2 state. Hydrogen then participates in fuel regeneration and ultimately returns to water. Carbon ledger: C atoms circulate | Hydrogen ledger: renewable energy repeatedly re-energises the H cycle 3. Molecular Transformations The atoms remain accountable even though the molecules change. A simplified CRT sequence is: Electrolysis: 2 H2O + renewable electricity -> 2 H2 + O2 Methanation: CO2 + 4 H2 -> CH4 + 2 H2O + recoverable heat Combustion: CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O + heat The methane and carbon-dioxide molecules are transformed and regenerated; the carbon atoms are retained within the cycle as far as practical. Hydrogen atoms move between water, hydrogen and hydrocarbon/process species. 4. Energy-Equivalent Material Accounting The conventional material balance should be retained in kg/h or kmol/h. In parallel, each energy-bearing material stream should be assigned an engineering energy equivalent, such as MW of chemical energy, thermal energy or electrical energy. Renewable electricity -> H2 chemical energy -> RSNG/syngas chemical energy -> heat/process energy -> firm electricity and useful products This is not a relativistic mass-energy calculation. It is conventional chemical-engineering thermodynamics: the material streams carry chemical and physical energy, and the process transforms that energy from one form to another. 5. Why the Carbon/Hydrogen Separation Matters • Carbon is not treated as a continuously consumed fossil-energy source. It is treated as a circulating elemental inventory. • Renewable hydrogen is the recurring energy-bearing input used to regenerate the carbon-containing fuel. • RSNG provides a storable chemical-energy medium that separates the timing of renewable generation from the timing of firm power production. • CO2 capture closes the carbon-atom loop rather than treating carbon as a waste stream for routine atmospheric discharge. • Heat released during methanation and other process steps must remain in the energy ledger and should be recovered wherever technically useful. 6. Application to CEWT's Three CRT Projects The same two-ledger framework should govern the integrated analysis of CEWT's 100 MW baseload power project, 20 MW CRT trigeneration project and 0.2 MTPA Green Iron project. 234 MW renewable input -> CRT atomic/energy conversion -> 100 MW baseload power + 20 MW trigeneration + 0.2 MTPA Green Iron The master model should therefore track every significant carbon and hydrogen atom through the integrated process while attaching an energy equivalent to each relevant chemical state. This will show quantitatively how intermittent renewable electricity is converted into firm power and Green Iron, where useful heat is recovered, and where conversion losses occur. 7. Governing Physical Statement In steady-state CRT, carbon atoms are maintained as a circulating elemental inventory. Renewable electricity repeatedly re-energises the hydrogen cycle, and the interaction of the carbon and hydrogen ledgers regenerates an energy-bearing fuel/process stream. This enables intermittent renewable energy to be stored chemically and converted into firm, dispatchable power and industrial products while minimising fresh fossil-carbon requirements and routine process CO2 emissions.

CEWT Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)- Governing Definition — Summary

CEWT Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Governing Definition — Summary Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is a process technology designed to convert intermittent renewable energy into firm, dispatchable baseload power by recycling carbon within a closed fuel cycle. Core Principle Renewable hydrogen supplies the replenishing energy. Captured carbon is retained as a circulating molecular carrier and is combined with renewable hydrogen to regenerate Recycled Synthetic Natural Gas (RSNG). RSNG provides a storable, dispatchable fuel for power generation. CRT Energy and Carbon Cycle Intermittent Renewable Electricity → Renewable H₂ → RSNG → Firm Power → CO₂ Capture → Carbon Recycling → RSNG Steady-State Objectives • Convert intermittent renewable electricity into firm and dispatchable baseload power. • Eliminate the continuous requirement for fresh fossil carbon by recycling the carbon inventory. • Prevent routine process CO₂ emissions by capturing carbon after power generation and returning it to the fuel-production cycle. How CRT Differs from Conventional CCS Conventional carbon capture and storage treats captured CO₂ primarily as a stream for transport and permanent storage. CRT instead treats captured carbon as a reusable process inventory. The carbon is recycled into RSNG using renewable hydrogen and returned to the power-generation cycle. Governing CEWT Position CRT is fundamentally a renewable-energy firming and carbon-recycling technology, rather than a conventional fossil-fuel power-generation technology. For technical accuracy, CEWT should describe the steady-state objective as having “no continuous fresh fossil-carbon requirement” and “no routine process CO₂ emissions,” subject to verification of start-up fuel, purge streams, leakage, carbon makeup and upstream energy boundaries. Application to CEWT Projects This governing definition should be applied consistently to CEWT’s 100 MW baseload CRT project, 20 MW CRT Trigeneration project and integrated 0.2 MTPA Green Iron architecture. Their mass and energy balances should demonstrate the renewable-hydrogen input, circulating carbon inventory, RSNG regeneration, CO₂ capture and recycle, and all material carbon losses or makeup requirements.

Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)

Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is a process technology for producing firm baseload power using a hydrocarbon-based fuel cycle while progressively eliminating dependence on fresh fossil carbon. A hydrocarbon fuel is initially used for power generation. The resulting CO₂ is captured rather than released to the atmosphere and is subsequently reacted, directly or through an integrated synthesis route, with renewable hydrogen to regenerate Recycled Synthetic Natural Gas (RSNG). The RSNG is returned to the power-generation cycle. Under steady-state operation, the carbon therefore circulates within a closed process loop: Hydrocarbon → Power Generation → CO₂ Capture → Renewable-Hydrogen Conversion → RSNG → Power Generation The residual carbon inventory functions primarily as a recyclable molecular carrier, while renewable hydrogen provides the continuing external energy input required to regenerate the fuel. Accordingly, CRT seeks to achieve two objectives simultaneously: 1. Eliminate routine process CO₂ emissions by capturing and recycling carbon rather than continuously discharging it to the atmosphere. 2. Eliminate dependence on continuous fresh fossil-carbon supply by maintaining and recycling the carbon inventory within the process, subject only to carbon losses and necessary makeup. CRT therefore differs fundamentally from conventional fossil-fuel power generation with carbon capture and storage. Instead of treating captured CO₂ as a waste stream requiring permanent disposal, CRT treats carbon as a reusable process inventory and renewable hydrogen as the replenishable energy input. In this architecture, carbon is recycled; renewable hydrogen supplies energy; and the regenerated RSNG provides a storable and dispatchable molecular pathway for converting renewable energy into firm baseload power.

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