Deacrbonisation Pathway for 2026

CEWT POSITION STATEMENT

Decarbonisation Pathway

A system-based, thermodynamically defined approach to zero emissions. Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) closes the carbon loop within a defined system boundary.

Download CEWT Framework (PDF) Pinned Manifesto (PDF) Policy Definition How CRT Works

Core Definition

Decarbonisation = removal of carbon from carbon-containing molecules and disciplined management of that carbon.

Thermodynamic Test

Does carbon exit into the surroundings, or remain inside a closed system boundary?

What decarbonisation actually means

“Decarbonisation” is often used interchangeably with electrification or hydrogen adoption. From chemistry and thermodynamics, it has a precise meaning.

Decarbonisation is the removal of carbon from carbon-containing molecules and the disciplined management and reuse of that carbon within a defined system boundary.

Hydrogen is an independent element and cannot itself be “decarbonised”. Hydrogen may play an important role, but hydrogen alone does not define a complete decarbonisation pathway.

Thermodynamics: system and surroundings

Every valid mass balance begins by defining the system and the surroundings. Without explicit boundaries, carbon accounting becomes virtual.

Caption: Conventional systems allow carbon to exit the system boundary and enter the surroundings (atmosphere). In a closed-loop system such as CRT, carbon is captured and recycled back into fuel molecules within the system boundary, preventing net emissions.

Prefer PDF view: System–Surroundings Diagram (PDF)

CRT: a closed-loop decarbonisation pathway

CRT integrates decarbonisation and recarbonisation within a single bounded system. Carbon remains inside the system rather than being exported to the surroundings.

Step 1 — Decarbonisation

• Carbon removed from exhaust streams
• Carbon captured inside the system boundary
• Auditable mass balance

Step 2 — Recarbonisation

• Captured carbon reused to form fuel molecules
• Hydrogen used as reducing agent and stoichiometric balancer
• Zero net carbon leakage to the surroundings

Policy clarity: from accounting to accountability

CEWT’s position is that decarbonisation must be grounded in explicit system boundaries and measurable carbon flows. Offsets and open boundaries cannot replace physical accountability.

Key policy question: Where does the carbon go — into the surroundings, or does it remain inside the system?

CEWT policy principle

• System boundaries must be explicit for any decarbonisation claim.
• Carbon flows must be measurable and auditable (mass balance).
• Closed-loop pathways enable physical accountability, not virtual neutrality.

Downloads

Your permanent reference documents:

• CEWT Pinned Manifesto on Decarbonisation (PDF)
• CEWT Decarbonisation Framework — Closed Loop (PDF)
• Sector Annexure — Steel / Power / Policy (PDF)

Clean Energy and Water Technologies (CEWT) — Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)

Note: “Decarbonisation” is used in its strict chemical/thermodynamic sense: carbon removal + disciplined carbon management within a defined boundary.

CEWT POSITION STATEMENT

Decarbonisation Pathway

A system-based, thermodynamically defined approach to zero emissions. Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) closes the carbon loop within a defined system boundary.

Download CEWT Framework (PDF) Pinned Manifesto (PDF) Policy Definition How CRT Works

Core Definition

Decarbonisation = removal of carbon from carbon-containing molecules and disciplined management of that carbon.

Thermodynamic Test

Does carbon exit into the surroundings, or remain inside a closed system boundary?

What decarbonisation actually means

“Decarbonisation” is often used interchangeably with electrification or hydrogen adoption. From chemistry and thermodynamics, it has a precise meaning.

Decarbonisation is the removal of carbon from carbon-containing molecules and the disciplined management and reuse of that carbon within a defined system boundary.

Hydrogen is an independent element and cannot itself be “decarbonised”. Hydrogen may play an important role, but hydrogen alone does not define a complete decarbonisation pathway.

Thermodynamics: system and surroundings

Every valid mass balance begins by defining the system and the surroundings. Without explicit boundaries, carbon accounting becomes virtual.

Caption: Conventional systems allow carbon to exit the system boundary and enter the surroundings (atmosphere). In a closed-loop system such as CRT, carbon is captured and recycled back into fuel molecules within the system boundary, preventing net emissions.

Prefer PDF view: System–Surroundings Diagram (PDF)

CRT: a closed-loop decarbonisation pathway

CRT integrates decarbonisation and recarbonisation within a single bounded system. Carbon remains inside the system rather than being exported to the surroundings.

Step 1 — Decarbonisation

• Carbon removed from exhaust streams
• Carbon captured inside the system boundary
• Auditable mass balance

Step 2 — Recarbonisation

• Captured carbon reused to form fuel molecules
• Hydrogen used as reducing agent and stoichiometric balancer
• Zero net carbon leakage to the surroundings

Policy clarity: from accounting to accountability

CEWT’s position is that decarbonisation must be grounded in explicit system boundaries and measurable carbon flows. Offsets and open boundaries cannot replace physical accountability.

Key policy question: Where does the carbon go — into the surroundings, or does it remain inside the system?

CEWT policy principle

• System boundaries must be explicit for any decarbonisation claim.
• Carbon flows must be measurable and auditable (mass balance).
• Closed-loop pathways enable physical accountability, not virtual neutrality.

Downloads

Replace the three PDF links below, then this page becomes your permanent reference.

• CEWT Pinned Manifesto on Decarbonisation (PDF)
• CEWT Decarbonisation Framework — Closed Loop (PDF)
• Sector Annexure — Steel / Power / Policy (PDF)

Clean Energy and Water Technologies (CEWT) — Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)

Note: “Decarbonisation” is used in its strict chemical/thermodynamic sense: carbon removal + disciplined carbon management within a defined boundary.

Dual Carbon Recycling technology units.

Two stage CRT (Carbon Recycling Technology(

1. Design Principle: Two-Unit CRT Architecture In order to ensure that carbon accounting is auditable, accountable, and easily measurable, CEWT has deliberately structured Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) into two distinct but connected operational units, rather than treating it as a single aggregated power cycle. This design decision was taken to: • establish clear system boundaries; • enable continuous and independent measurement of carbon flows; and • eliminate ambiguity in emissions attribution. This approach aligns directly with the objectives of the Guarantee of Origin (GO) framework, which prioritises transparency, traceability, and measured outcomes. 2. Fuel Generation Unit (FGU) The Fuel Generation Unit (FGU) is responsible for: • receiving captured CO₂ (measured input); • receiving renewable hydrogen (GO-verifiable input); • converting these inputs into a methane-based energy carrier via methanation. The output of the FGU is Recycled Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG), which remains within CRT system custody and is not exported or supplied to third parties. 3. Power Generation Unit (PGU) The Power Generation Unit (PGU): • uses RSMG as fuel in a gas turbine combined cycle; • generates electricity; • captures the resulting CO₂ exhaust; and • returns the captured CO₂ back to the Fuel Generation Unit. During steady-state operation, no carbon is released to the atmosphere. 4. Carbon Looping and Auditability By separating the system into two auditable units and connecting them via a closed carbon loop, CRT ensures that every carbon atom is measured on entry, tracked during conversion, measured during combustion, and recycled back into fuel production. There is no Scope-3 exposure, no reliance on offsets, and no dependence on third-party behaviour. Carbon transparency is therefore achieved by system design rather than post-hoc reporting. 5. Terminology Clarification: RSMG vs e-Methane The term “e-methane” is commonly used to describe power-to-gas fuels produced for market export and third-party combustion. This description does not apply to CRT. In CRT: • methane is not exported; • methane is not sold as a fuel product; • methane is not combusted outside system boundaries. The correct term is therefore Recycled Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG), accurately reflecting that the methane is produced from recycled carbon and renewable hydrogen and functions solely as an internal energy carrier. 6. Product GO Alignment (RSMG) RSMG is assessed only as an internal energy carrier, not as a traded fuel. Key characteristics: • produced from renewable hydrogen and captured CO₂; • carbon remains within system custody; • continuous measurement and reconciliation. Accordingly, RSMG may be recognised as a renewable, carbon-neutral fuel within a closed system for Product GO purposes. 7. Renewable Electricity GO Alignment Electricity generated in the Power Generation Unit: • is derived from RSMG produced using renewable hydrogen; • operates with continuous carbon capture and recycling; • results in zero net atmospheric CO₂ emissions during steady-state operation. Accordingly, electricity generated under CRT qualifies as renewable, carbon-neutral, zero-emission baseload electricity under the Renewable Electricity GO framework. 8. Definitions Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT): A closed-loop system that captures CO₂, converts it using renewable hydrogen into RSMG, and continuously recycles carbon while generating firm electricity. Fuel Generation Unit (FGU): Subsystem responsible for renewable hydrogen input, captured CO₂ input, and RSMG production. Power Generation Unit (PGU): Subsystem responsible for electricity generation and CO₂ capture for return to the FGU. Recycled Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG): Methane produced from captured CO₂ and renewable hydrogen, used exclusively as an internal energy carrier within CRT. 10. Concluding Statement CRT has been intentionally structured to allow Product GO and Renewable Electricity GO assessments to be conducted on clearly defined subsystems, linked by a measurable carbon loop. This architecture avoids ambiguity, simplifies verification, and supports robust, outcome-based certification under the GO framework.

Renewable fuel Generator and Carbon neutral power gnerator working in tandem.

Clean Energy and Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT) Carbon‑Negative Fuel Supply with CO₂ Buy‑Back Loop Bank‑Ready One‑Page Project Explanation 1. Project Overview This model separates power generation and carbon recycling into two contractually linked but independently bankable assets. CEWT supplies renewable methane as a fuel to a conventional 135 MW gas power plant, and contractually buys back the resulting CO₂ for conversion back into methane, closing the carbon loop. 2. Physical and Commercial Flow Renewable electricity is used by CEWT to generate hydrogen via electrolysis. Captured CO₂ is combined with hydrogen through methanation to produce renewable methane. This methane is sold under a long‑term fuel supply agreement to a 135 MW gas power plant. The power plant generates dispatchable electricity and produces CO₂, which is captured and transferred back to CEWT under a CO₂ buy‑back agreement. The CO₂ is recycled into further methane production. 3. What Is Being Sold Renewable methane as a physical fuel commodity. Dispatchable baseload electricity to the grid or industrial offtakers. CO₂ as a recyclable feedstock rather than a liability. 4. Carbon and Emissions Treatment The gas power plant operates in a conventional manner but with renewable methane as its fuel. All CO₂ generated is measured, captured, and contractually transferred back to CEWT for recycling. Net system emissions are zero to carbon‑negative, achieved through physical carbon recycling rather than offsets or credits. 5. Bankability and Risk Allocation This structure aligns with established infrastructure financing logic. Fuel supply agreements, power purchase agreements, and CO₂ handling contracts are familiar to lenders. The model avoids dependence on carbon credits or policy incentives. Technology risk is ring‑fenced within the CEWT carbon recycling entity, while power market risk remains with the generator. 6. Key Bank Takeaway “This is a conventional gas power project supplied with a renewable fuel, where carbon is continuously recycled rather than emitted. The business case relies on long‑term energy contracts and physical carbon management, not carbon credits.”

From Carbon Capture to Carbon Circulation

Why Splitting Fuel and Power Makes Net-Zero Work For more than a decade, the global energy transition has been framed as a choice between intermittent renewables and carbon capture. One promises clean energy but struggles with reliability; the other preserves reliability but is criticised for cost and complexity. Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) starts from a different premise: carbon is not waste to be buried, but a recyclable carrier that can circulate continuously within the energy system. At Clean Energy and Water Technologies (CEWT), the most important step in making this idea commercially credible has been splitting fuel production and power generation into two distinct, conventional business units. Carbon is not the fuel. Energy is. In CRT, hydrogen produced from renewable electricity provides the energy, while carbon atoms act as a recyclable molecular carrier. Carbon dioxide is captured, converted into Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG), used as fuel, captured again after combustion, and returned to the cycle. Two units. One closed carbon loop. The fuel production unit manufactures RSMG using renewable electricity and recycled carbon dioxide. It operates like a conventional fuel business, selling a pipeline-quality product under long-term contracts. The power generation unit is a standard 135 MW gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) plant. It purchases RSMG, generates dispatchable electricity, captures all CO2 produced, and transfers it back for reuse. Why separation matters. Separating fuel and power delivers commercial clarity, regulatory clarity, and financial robustness. Fuel is sold. Power is sold. Carbon is measured and recycled. Carbon-neutral by design. Carbon-negative by choice. The base configuration delivers carbon-neutral fuel and zero-emission electricity through physical carbon recycling. Carbon-negative outcomes are possible where additional CO2 is incorporated, but these are treated as optional upside. Designed for the real world. CRT integrates with existing gas infrastructure, turbines, and grids. It does not depend on offsets or fragile policy mechanisms. Founder’s note: Carbon Recycling Technology reflects a simple conviction: nature does not waste carbon—it cycles it. Aligning energy systems with this principle allows net-zero to scale. Ahilan Raman Founder & Managing Director, CEWT

Australia's Guarantee of Origin (GO) Scheme Alignment Statement

Australia’s Guarantee of Origin (GO) Scheme Alignment Statement Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd (CEWT) has designed Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) as a fully GO-ready, net-zero industrial platform aligned with Australia’s Hydrogen Guarantee of Origin (H₂-GO), Renewable Electricity GO (REGO), and Product GO frameworks. CRT provides auditable, meter-based accounting of hydrogen, renewable electricity, CO₂ capture, RNG production, and exported electricity. This structure naturally supports the GO scheme’s requirement for transparent emissions-intensity reporting. 1. Alignment with Hydrogen Product GO CRT integrates SMR-derived hydrogen and renewable electrolysis while capturing and recycling all CO₂ into renewable methane (RNG). Renewable electricity used for electrolysis is supported by REGOs, enabling low-emissions hydrogen suitable for Product GO certification. 2. Alignment with Renewable Electricity GO (REGO) CRT imports renewable electricity for electrolyzer backed by REGOs̶ and operates a 135 MW GTCC on renewable methane generated within the closed carbon loop. This enables firm, continuous baseload renewable power with traceable carbon intensity per MWh. 3. Alignment with Product GO for Low-Carbon Fuels & Green Metals CRT’s closed-loop CO₂ ledger supports carbon-footprint allocation for RNG, green iron, and steel. Emissions per GJ RNG or per ton HBI/steel are CBAM-ready and aligned with Product GO’s expansion into low-carbon industrial products. 4. CO₂ Ledger and Mass-Balance Transparency CRT maintains a full stocks-and-flows CO₂ ledger with meter-level traceability, aligning with GO requirements for boundary-defined, auditable emissions accounting. Summary CRT enables low-emissions hydrogen (Product GO), renewable electricity certification (REGO), and low-carbon industrial products (Product GO). Its closed-loop design positions Western Australia as a global leader in GO-certified clean energy and green industry.

How renewable Hydrogen is generated 24/7 ?

 Green Hydrogen Baseload Briefing – Comparison, Analysis & CRT Solution

A) Comparison Table – Global Green Hydrogen Projects & Baseload Strategy

Global observations: No major project today achieves true 24/7 renewable baseload power

for electrolysers. Most rely on grid stabilisation, PPAs, or hybrid renewable systems.

PROJECT | ELECTROLYSER SIZE | POWER SOURCE | TRUE 24/7 BASELOAD? | NOTES

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NEOM (Saudi Arabia) | ~600 MW electrolysis (4 GW renewables) | Dedicated solar + wind +

storage | Closest, but unproven | Not yet operating; hybrid smoothing still required.

Shell Holland Hydrogen 1 | 200 MW | Offshore wind | No | Variability requires modulation

or grid fallback.

REFHYNE 2 (Germany) | 100 MW | Grid + solar/wind PPAs | No | Renewable claims via

certificates; physical baseload from grid.

Iberdrola Puertollano (Spain) | 20 MW | 100 MW solar + 20 MWh battery | No | Solar-only

cannot supply night-time; the grid may supplement.

Air Liquide Normandy | 200 MW | Grid + PPAs | No | Commercial reliance on grid stability.

Denham H2 Microgrid (WA) | 250 kW | Solar + H2 storage | Micro-scale only | Demonstrates

concept, not industrially scalable.

B) CEWT Briefing Note – Why Global Green Hydrogen Projects Still Struggle

With Baseload & How CRT Solves It

1. Global Baseload Challenge

Electrolysers require stable, continuous power for economic operation. Pure wind/solar

cannot meet 24/7 requirements due to intermittency and storage limitations.

2. Current Industry Workarounds

- Grid supply (common)

- PPAs for 'book-and-claim' renewable matching

- Hybrid wind+solar systems with limited storage

None delivers a true physical baseload.

3. Lack of Large-Scale Success

NEOM, Shell Holland, REFHYNE, and others are not yet demonstrating 24/7 renewable energy

electrolysis.

4. How CRT Solves the Gap

CRT produces renewable methane (RNG) that can be stored and used in a zero-emission

combined-cycle system to provide continuous power:

- Baseload renewable electricity

- Long-duration energy storage in carbon form

- High utilisation electrolysers, lowering cost/kg H2

5. Strategic Advantage for WA

CRT enables firm, renewable baseload power co-located with hydrogen hubs, unlocking

green steel, ammonia, and critical minerals.

C) Executive Summary Paragraph

Today, no large-scale green hydrogen project globally operates on genuine 24/7 renewable

baseload power. All depend on the grid, PPAs, or hybrid wind–solar systems that remain

intermittent. CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) fills this global gap by producing

a storable renewable fuel that drives a zero-emission combined-cycle plant, delivering true

renewable baseload electricity and enabling electrolysers to run at high utilisation—a capability unmatched internationally!

 Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper

© 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version)

RSMG as a Renewable Fuel

CEWT Policy White Paper (2025)

Executive Summary

Australia is entering a decisive decade where electrification alone cannot deliver deep

industrial decarbonisation. Heavy industry, steelmaking, mining, and baseload power

generation require renewable, storable, dispatchable fuels that work within existing

thermal systems.

Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG)—produced from captured CO2 and renewable

hydrogen through CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)—provides Australia with a

new class of zero‐fossil‐input, closed‐loop, perpetual renewable fuel.

This white paper outlines the scientific, policy, and regulatory basis for recognising RSMG as

an eligible renewable fuel under the Product Guarantee of Origin (PGO) scheme.

1. Introduction: The Need for Renewable Fuels Beyond Electricity

Electrification cannot support:

• 24/7 industrial power

• Firming and grid stability

• High‐temperature industrial heat

• Non‐electrifiable processes

• Large‐scale energy storage

RSMG fills these gaps using existing gas infrastructure and renewable hydrogen inputs.

Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper

© 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version)

2. What is RSMG Under CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology?

RSMG under CRT is produced from captured CO2 and renewable hydrogen.

This forms a perpetual carbon loop:

Combustion → CO2 → Capture → Methanation → RSMG → Combustion.

Hydrogen provides the energy. Carbon atoms recycle indefinitely.

3. Why RSMG Must Be Recognised as a Renewable Fuel

• Zero fossil inputs

• Aligned with global synthetic methane definitions

• Compatible with turbines, pipelines, LNG, and industrial furnaces

• Provides dispatchable renewable energy

• Enables deep decarbonisation across steel, alumina, cement, and mining

4. CEWT CRT and the GO Framework

PGO is the correct certification pathway because RSMG is a renewable manufactured

product with clear system boundaries. CRT provides a complete, verifiable methodology for

renewable methane certification.

5. Alignment with Australia’s Net Zero Plan (2025)

RSMG advances all national priorities:

1. Clean electricity across the economy

2. Electrification and efficiency

Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper

© 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version)

3. Expansion of clean fuels

4. Acceleration of new technologies

5. Large‐scale carbon removals

6. Strategic Advantages for Australia

• Establishes Australia as the first nation to certify renewable synthetic methane

• Enables green steel, green metals, and renewable industrial heat

• Strengthens national energy security

• Creates renewable, storable baseload power

• Opens export markets for certified RSMG

7. CRT as the Foundation Methodology

CRT is mass‐balanced, closed‐loop, zero‐fossil, industrial‐scale, infrastructure‐compatible

and ready for regulatory adoption.

It should serve as the foundation methodology for PGO renewable methane certification.

8. Policy Recommendation

Australia should:

1. Formally recognise RSMG as a renewable fuel

2. Adopt CRT as the reference PGO methodology

3. Support RSMG under ARENA, CEFC, and WA programs

4. Enable RSMG‐based baseload renewable power

5. Embed RSMG in industrial precinct decarbonisation frameworks

Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper

© 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version)

9. Conclusion

RSMG from CRT creates a perpetual, renewable, circular energy system powered by

sunlight, seawater, and wind.

Recognising RSMG under PGO will transform Australia’s renewable energy system, enabling

zero‐emission baseload power, decarbonise heavy industry, and position Australia as a global leader in renewable synthetic fuel.

The future belongs to Untegrated Engineering - and CRT is leading the way.

 The Future Belongs to Integrated Engineering — and CRT Is Leading the way

Clean Energy and Water Technologies (CEWT)

For more than a century, industries have evolved in silos.

- Mechanical engineers built our machines.

- Electrical engineers built our power systems.

- Chemical engineers built our industrial plants.

- Electronics engineers built communication networks.

- Electrochemical engineers built batteries and electrolysers.

- Computer scientists built the digital world around us.

Each discipline operated independently, solving problems within its own sphere.

But the challenges of today — especially the challenge of clean, reliable, zero‐emission

energy — cannot be solved by one discipline alone.

We are entering a new era where chemistry, electricity, mechanics, and electrochemistry,

electronics, and computation must operate as one unified system.

This is the real future of engineering.

And this is exactly where Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) comes in.

CRT is not simply a chemical process. It is not just a power engineering system, nor an

electrolysis project. It is a complete integration of all major engineering disciplines:

- Chemical → SMR, syngas, methanation, carbon cycles

- Electrical → GTCC baseload power, renewable balancing

- Electrochemical → hydrogen generation and trimming

- Mechanical → reactors, compressors, heat integration

- Electronics & control → automation, instrumentation

- Computer interface → optimisation, modelling, system intelligence

This is why CRT feels new to the world. It did not emerge from a single engineering

Tradition — it emerged from integration, the very thing the future demands.

The next generation of global infrastructure will not be chemical, or electrical, or

mechanical — it will be all of them together, guided by digital intelligence.

CRT is one of the first technologies to demonstrate this future.

Integrated thinking is no longer optional. It is the foundation for the next industrial era.

— Ahilan Raman

Clean Energy and Water Technologies (CEWT)

The End-use Crisis in Hydrogen- Why the world Needs CRT!

 CEWT – Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd

The End-Use Crisis in Hydrogen — Why the World Needs CRT

1. The Global Hydrogen Paradox

Governments and industries worldwide are investing billions into hydrogen

production—electrolysers, hubs, export terminals, and pipelines. Yet a fundamental question

remains unanswered:

What is the final, scalable end-use of hydrogen?

Despite massive investment, no universal, commercially viable, large-scale end-use pathway exists

today. The world is producing hydrogen without a plan for how to use it.

2. Why Current Hydrogen Carriers Are Only Detours

Ammonia

- Requires energy-intensive nitrogen separation.

- Cracking back to hydrogen is costly and inefficient (40–50% energy loss).

- Produces NOx on combustion.

- Toxicity and safety concerns limit wide adoption.

- Converting ammonia to urea requires adding carbon—defeating the purpose.

Methanol & Liquid Organic Carriers

- Methanol fuel cells remain niche and cannot scale to grid-level energy.

- Liquid carriers (MCH, others) are complex, catalyst-dependent, and inefficient.

Liquid or Compressed Hydrogen

- Extreme cryogenic temperatures (−253°C) or very high pressures are required.

- Boil-off losses, material embrittlement, and major safety risks.

- Not economical at the industrial or national scale.

Conclusion: All existing hydrogen carriers add cost, energy loss, and complexity. They solve none of

the long-term stability, storage, or combustion challenges.

3. The Missing Piece: A Practical, Scalable Hydrogen End-Use

Industry wants a fuel that:

- Burns stably.

- Works in existing turbines and infrastructure.

- Stores easily.

- Transports safely.

- Scales to baseload power.

Hydrogen alone does not meet these requirements. Methane does. But methane only becomes

climate-compatible if the carbon is kept in a closed loop.

4. CRT: The Only Complete End-Use Pathway for Hydrogen

Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) solves the end-use crisis by providing hydrogen with its

natural and universal carrier: carbon.

CRT Converts Renewable Hydrogen into Renewable Methane (RNG)

- Perfect combustion properties.

- Fully compatible with all existing gas turbines.

- Uses global gas infrastructure without modification.

- Enables true 24/7 renewable baseload power.

- Stores and transports easily and safely.

- Eliminates reliance on ammonia, methanol, cryogenic hydrogen, or detours.

Most importantly:

CRT keeps carbon permanently inside a closed loop.

No CO2 escapes. No atmospheric accumulation. No external emissions.

This transforms methane into a renewable, perpetual, zero-emission energy carrier.

5. Solar Energy: The Ultimate Fuel, Delivered Through CRT

Solar energy is the ultimate, universally accepted renewable fuel. But the world lacks a scalable,

practical pathway to deliver solar energy directly to industries, businesses, and homes.

CRT provides the simplest, most established, and technically proven pathway to convert solar

power into a usable, dispatchable fuel.

By converting solar-derived hydrogen into renewable methane and recycling carbon indefinitely,

CRT transforms intermittent sunlight into a continuous, stable, transportable energy source.

6. Why the World Needs CRT Now

The hydrogen industry faces a structural bottleneck: massive production with no viable end-use

pathway. CRT resolves this crisis by providing:

- A stable hydrogen end-use.

- A fully scalable renewable fuel.

- Immediate grid and industrial compatibility.

- A true zero-emission closed-carbon cycle.

- A practical alternative to all detour carriers.

CRT is not another hydrogen technology—it is the missing system that makes the entire hydrogen

economy viable.

CEWT – Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd

Advancing true zero-emission energy through Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)

 Why Hydrogen Cannot Be Used as a Practical Fuel: A Thermodynamic

Explanation

(CEWT – Carbon Recycling Technology Insight Series)

1. Introduction

Hydrogen is frequently promoted as a “clean fuel,” yet the laws of thermodynamics show that

hydrogen can never function as a practical primary fuel source. Hydrogen is not an energy

source at all — it is only an energy carrier, and a very inefficient one.

CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) is built firmly on thermodynamic reality.

This article explains, with scientific clarity, why hydrogen cannot be used as a fuel and why

renewable methane (RNG) from CRT is the correct pathway for energy storage and baseload

power.

2. Thermodynamic Foundations

2.1 Water Splitting: An Endothermic Reaction

Electrolysis breaks water into hydrogen and oxygen:

H2O (l) => H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g)

This reaction requires external energy because of water’s stable molecular structure.

• ΔH (liquid water) = +285.83 kJ/mol

• ΔH (water vapour) = +241.83 kJ/mol

This is strongly endothermic.

It consumes energy — you must put energy in to obtain hydrogen

2.2 Hydrogen Combustion or Fuel-Cell Reaction: Exothermic

When hydrogen is used (in a turbine or fuel cell), it recombines with oxygen:

H2 (g) + 1/2}O2 (g) +> H2O

This releases heat:

• ΔH = –285.83 kJ/mol (forming liquid water)

• ΔH = –241.83 kJ/mol (forming vapour)

This is exothermic.

However — and this is the critical point — the amount of energy released is always exactly

equal to the amount of energy originally used to split the water, if ideal and reversible.

Thus:

Hydrogen offers no net energy gain. It only returns what was already invested.

And this is the best-case scenario. In practice, the losses are severe.

3. Real-World Thermodynamics: Where Hydrogen Fails

Even if electrolysis and fuel cells were 100% efficient (they are not), hydrogen would still not

be a fuel — it is simply a temporary storage medium.

But in real systems:

Electrolyser efficiencies:

65–75%

Fuel cell efficiencies:

40–60%

Compression/liquefaction losses:

10–35%

Transport & storage losses:

5–10%

Putting this together:

Overall efficiency = approx 20–25%

This means 75–80% of renewable electricity is permanently lost when routed through

hydrogen.

This is thermodynamically unavoidable.

4. Why Hydrogen Cannot Be a Fuel — Thermodynamic

Interpretation

4.1 Fuel Definition (Thermodynamic)

A true fuel must provide net positive available work (Gibbs free energy).

But for hydrogen:

G electrolysis = -G fuelcell

• Electrolysis demands free energy

• Fuel cells return the same free energy

• Net → zero, minus losses

Thus hydrogen does not satisfy the definition of a fuel.

4.2 Exergy Losses

Hydrogen suffers extremely high exergy destruction because:

• Storage (especially compression) increases entropy

• Leakage increases entropy

• Transport and boil-off add irreversible losses

• Fuel cells produce water vapour → latent heat losses

Thermodynamically:

s (total )> 0

Irreversibility is large → system cannot approach ideal efficiency.

Thus, hydrogen becomes a severely degraded energy carrier.

4.3 Chemical Potential Argument

The chemical potential of hydrogen as a fuel is fundamentally tied to the stability of water:

• Water is one of the lowest free-energy states in nature

• Hydrogen is one of the highest

Therefore:

Hydrogen cannot be a “fuel” while water is the thermodynamic sink.

Hydrogen must always be forced uphill using external energy.

5. CRT’s Solution: Using Hydrogen Properly

Hydrogen is valuable — but not as a fuel.

Its correct use is:

Renewable H2 + Captured CO2 => Renewable Methane (Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas)

Methane (CH4) has:

• Higher chemical exergy

• Lower storage entropy

• 3–6× better volumetric energy density

• Stable molecular structure

• 100-year established infrastructure

• Perfect compatibility with gas turbines

• Much lower lifecycle energy losses

In short:

Hydrogen should never be burned.

It should be converted into renewable methane.

This is what CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology achieves.

6. Conclusion

Hydrogen cannot be used as a practical fuel because thermodynamics forbids it:

• Electrolysis is endothermic

• Fuel cells are exothermic but return less than what was invested

• Inefficiencies are irreversible

• Net energy chain loses 75–80%

• Hydrogen provides no net usable energy

• It fails the thermodynamic definition of a fuel

Renewable methane (RNG) created from renewable hydrogen + captured CO2 in CEWT’s

Carbon Recycling Technology solves this fundamental limitation.

It delivers a true fuel, with high exergy, stable storage, and zero net emissions.

 Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper RSMG as a Renewable Fuel CEWT Policy White Paper (2025)

 Executive Summary: 

Australia is entering a decisive decade where electrification alone cannot deliver deep industrial decarbonisation. Heavy industry, steelmaking, mining, and baseload power generation require renewable, storable, dispatchable fuels that work within existing thermal systems. Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG)—produced from captured CO₂ and renewable hydrogen through CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT)—provides Australia with a new class of zero‑fossil‑input, closed‑loop, perpetual renewable fuel. This white paper outlines the scientific, policy, and regulatory basis for recognising RSMG as an eligible renewable fuel under the Product Guarantee of Origin (PGO) scheme. 

1. Introduction: 

The Need for Renewable Fuels Beyond Electricity Electrification cannot support: • 24/7 industrial power   • Firming and grid stability   • High‑temperature industrial heat   • Non‑electrifiable processes   • Large‑scale energy storage   RSMG fills these gaps using existing gas infrastructure and renewable hydrogen inputs. © 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version) Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper 2. What is RSMG Under CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology? RSMG under CRT is produced from captured CO₂ and renewable hydrogen.   This forms a perpetual carbon loop:   Combustion → CO₂ → Capture → Methanation → RSMG → Combustion. Hydrogen provides the energy. Carbon atoms recycle indefinitely. 

3. Why RSMG Must Be Recognised as a Renewable Fuel • Zero fossil inputs   • Aligned with global synthetic methane definitions   • Compatible with turbines, pipelines, LNG, and industrial furnaces   • Provides dispatchable renewable energy   • Enables deep decarbonisation across steel, alumina, cement, and mining 

  4. CEWT CRT and the GO Framework PGO is the correct certification pathway because RSMG is a renewable manufactured product with clear system boundaries. CRT provides a complete, verifiable methodology for renewable methane certification. 

5. 

Alignment with Australia’s Net Zero Plan (2025) RSMG advances all national priorities: 1. Clean electricity across the economy, 2. Electrification and efficiency   © 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version) Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper 3. Expansion of clean fuels   4. Acceleration of new technologies   5. Large‑scale carbon removals  

 6. Strategic Advantages for Australia • Establishes Australia as the first nation to certify renewable synthetic methane   • Enables green steel, green metals, and renewable industrial heat   • Strengthens national energy security   • Creates renewable, storable baseload power   • Opens export markets for certified RSMG   

7. CRT as the Foundation Methodology CRT is mass‑balanced, closed‑loop, zero‑fossil, industrial‑scale, infrastructure‑compatible, and ready for regulatory adoption.   It should serve as the foundation methodology for PGO renewable methane certification. 

8. Policy Recommendation Australia should: 1. Formally recognise RSMG as a renewable fuel   2. Adopt CRT as the reference PGO methodology   3. Support RSMG under ARENA, CEFC, and WA programs   4. Enable RSMG‑based baseload renewable power   5. Embed RSMG in industrial precinct decarbonisation frameworks   © 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition (RSMG Version) Clean Energy & Water Technologies (CEWT) – White Paper 

9. Conclusion: RSMG from CRT creates a perpetual, renewable, circular energy system powered by sunlight, seawater, and wind. Recognising RSMG under PGO will transform Australia’s renewable energy system, enable zero‑emission baseload power, decarbonise heavy industry, and position Australia as a global leader in renewable synthetic fuels. 

© 2025 Clean Energy & Water Technologies Pty Ltd – CEWT Blue Edition

The Science and Philosophy of Carbon Recycling technology (CRT)

THE SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF CRT Carbon Recycling Technology by CEWT Introduction CRT recognises that renewable electricity alone cannot solve industrial energy needs. CRT treats carbon as a recyclable carrier and hydrogen as the universal elemental fuel. 1. SCIENCE OF CRT 1.1 Carbon Is a Carrier, Not a Consumable Fuel In CRT, carbon is never consumed. It circulates as CO2, CH4, and back again, acting like a reusable molecular energy carrier. 1.2 Hydrogen Is the Real Fuel — And It Has No Colour Hydrogen (H2) is chemically identical regardless of origin. CRT combines H2 with CO2 to create Renewable Synthetic Methane Gas (RSMG). 1.3 The CRT Reaction Cycle (Perpetual Loop) 1. Renewable hydrogen (H2) is produced. 2. CO2 is captured from turbine exhaust. 3. CO2 + 4H2 ® CH4 + 2H2O (methanation). 4. CH4 is used for power generation. 5. The CO2 produced is captured again. This loop repeats indefinitely without fossil carbon. 2. WHY CRT SOLVES THE ENERGY PROBLEM 2.1 Renewables Cannot Supply 24/7 Industrial Energy Wind and solar cannot alone deliver firm, stable, 24/7 industrial energy. RSMG provides renewable baseload using existing systems. 2.2 Hydrogen Alone Cannot Decarbonise Industry Hydrogen is difficult to store and transport. CRT converts it into CH4 (RSMG), which is stable, storable, transportable, and compatible with pipelines and turbines. 2.3 Fossil Fuel Is Not the Enemy — Fossil Carbon Is Carbon atoms are not harmful. Fossil carbon is. CRT eliminates fossil carbon entirely by recycling CO2 in a closed loop. 3. THE PHILOSOPHY OF CRT 3.1 Nature Does Not Waste All natural cycles are circular. CRT mirrors this by treating CO2 as a resource rather than waste. 3.2 The World Is Made of Atoms, Not Labels Nature recognises chemical species (CO2, H2, CH4, H2O). Human labels such as 'green' or 'blue' hydrogen do not change atomic behaviour. 3.3 True Sustainability Is a Closed Loop A sustainable system emits nothing that cannot be reused. CRT achieves perfect circularity through perpetual carbon recycling. Conclusion CRT creates a renewable, perpetual, closed-loop energy system powered by hydrogen and recycled carbon. By treating carbon as an asset and CO2 as feedstock, CRT aligns engineering with Nature’s own design principles.

The Eternal trinity of Nature and Carbon Recycling Technology!

Reflection: The Eternal Trinity of Nature and CRT The Sun, the Sea, and the Wind — Nature’s eternal trinity — have always sustained life on Earth. Each plays its part in balance: the Sun gives energy, the Sea absorbs and stores carbon, and the Wind distributes that energy across the planet. Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) simply mirrors this balance in engineered form. The Sun provides renewable power to generate hydrogen. The Sea, through alkaline chemistry, captures CO₂. And the Wind ensures continuous renewable energy to sustain the loop. Together, these natural forces enable perpetual clean power — where carbon is no longer a waste, but a recyclable element of life itself. This is not just technology; it is Nature remembered through science. ⸻

The thermodynamics of the sun that made CRT possible!

Thermodynamics of Solar Energy – Foundation for CRT Solar energy represents high-quality, low-entropy radiation from a ~5778 K source (the Sun). When this radiation reaches Earth (~288 K), it enables the conversion of radiant energy into mechanical, electrical, or chemical work — within the boundaries of thermodynamics. CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) leverages this thermodynamic gradient by using renewable electricity (derived from solar or other renewables) to recycle CO2 into Renewable Natural Gas (RNG), thus creating a perpetual, zero-emission energy cycle. 1. Solar-to-Earth Thermodynamic Flow Sun (5778 K, low entropy photons)  high-exergy shortwave (VIS/UV/IR) Atmosphere (scattering, absorption)  Surface (~288 K)  absorption → heat, electricity, chemical energy Work (engines, PV) + Heat (oceans, buildings)  Re-radiation to space (~300 K, high-entropy IR) The key thermodynamic insight is that sunlight arrives as high-temperature, low-entropy radiation and leaves as low-temperature, high-entropy radiation — the entropy increase drives all renewable processes, from winds and hydrology to photosynthesis and CRT itself. 2. Example: Solar-Thermal Engine at 600 °C Parameter Value / Description Receiver Temperature (5778K) T1 600 C = 873 K Ambient Temperature ( 30 C) T2 300 K Carnot Efficiency  = 1 − T2/T1= 65.6% Optical × Thermal × Powerbock × Storage  0.85 × 0.90 × 0.40 × 0.95 = ~30% overall Effective Power Output ~260–280 W/m² at 900 W/m² input 3. Exergy of Sunlight (Petula Efficiency) For sunlight treated as blackbody radiation from T= 5778 K and sink at T= 300 K, the theoretical exergy fraction is:  = 1 − (4/3) (T1/T2) + (1/3)(T1/T2)  93%. This explains why solar-derived renewable energy extremely high work potential, which CRT harnesses to recycle carbon continuously using renewable electricity. 4. Connection to Carbon Recycling Technology (CRT) In CEWT’s Carbon Recycling Technology, renewable electricity (originating from solar, wind, or other renewables) is used to produce hydrogen through electrolysis. This hydrogen reacts with captured CO2 to form Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) via methanation. The RNG is combusted to produce power, and the emitted CO2 is recaptured — forming a closed carbon loop. Thus, the solar thermodynamic gradient is the ultimate energy driver sustaining perpetual carbon recycling.

Carbon flow in Cabon Recycling technology , creates a truely circular economy!

CRT creates a circular economy with zero fossil fuel and zero CO2 emission!

Perpetual recycling Carbon atom - elimianes fossil fuel.

CRT: Hydrogen as Fuel, Carbon as Carrier, Perpetual Recycling 1. The Real Fuel: Hydrogen • CRT runs on Hydrogen (Syngas + Renewable • Carbon acts only as a recyclable 2. Circularity: No Fossil Fuel Required • CO₂ from combustion is recaptured and • Same carbon atoms are perpetually • Fossil fuel is needed only at start up. 3. Baseload Without Fossil Fuel • Hydrogen + recycled carbon loop sustains continuous • Provides 24/7 dispatchable baseload unlike variable 4. Carbon Credits & Value • Zero net fossil consumption → earns carbon • Positions CRT as an infrastructure scale carbon recycling engine.

How to eliminate CO2 emissions from power plants and the discharge of highly Saline brine from the desalination plant to avoid climate change?

Why is decarbonizing the steel industry challenging, and what is the solution? Let me explain in simple terms. Iron ore in the form of Oxides, Fe2O3 and FeO, requires splitting, similar to H2O. It can be divided, like H2O, into H2 and O2 using electrolysis, which is increasingly becoming a solution to decarbonize. Fe2O3 can also be split into Fe and O2 using an electrolytic process. That is probably the next innovative solution to decarbonize the steel industry. However, it will require massive amounts of electricity, which must be generated again, to achieve Carbon neutrality. It is a vicious cycle; the only solution is to create a base load electricity with zero Carbon emissions, so that clean electricity can be used in steel production, to introduce Electric Vehicles, and even to generate Hydrogen on a 24/7 basis, without depending entirely on renewable energy or emitting CO2 into the atmosphere. That is why, in CEWT, our total focus is on reducing CO2 emissions by converting Carbon emissions into a Hydrocarbon molecule through gasification, introducing a water molecule. Water and Energy are two sides of the same coin. Finally, no decarbonization is possible without water. CEWT's technology utilizes closed-cycle oxy-combustion of R-LNG to generate a base-load power. A part of CO2 is recycled into the gas turbine, thus reducing the CO2 emission and the CO capturing cost and storage under pressure. The same R-LNG is subject to reformation in an SMR using our proprietary process to generate hydrogen-rich syngas. In addition to the captured CO2, the hydrogen-rich is subject to methanation, converting into synthetic methane gas SMG. The resulting SMG is recycled to the gas turbine, substituting R-LNG, thereby closing the cycle. It is a perfect example of a circular economy. The result is that no more fresh fossil fuel is required to generate a base-load power (24/7) while achieving zero CO2 emissions. It means there are no emissions and no requirement for fossil fuels. With increasing demand for base load electricity, while there is a serious threat of global warming and climate change due to CO2 emissions, CRT is the only hope to avoid catastrophic climate change. We can use CRT for any CO2 emissions process, such as steel production using blast furnaces, base-load electricity, cement production plants, Aluminum production, glass manufacturing, caustic soda, and soda ash production. CEWT offers a proprietary desalination technology that generates Sodium chloride brine directly from seawater as a by-product of desalination, with a 65% recovery of potable water. CEWT offers a distinctive solution to address the challenges of climate change, which is exacerbated by CO2 emissions and the discharge of highly saline brine into the ocean.